Matsayin Ayyukan Tayal a Gine-ginen Safawiyya da Farfajiya Mai Daraja ta Atabutul Alawiyya
Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun siffofin gine-ginen Safawiyya da suka samu tasiri daga tsohuwar fasahar Iraki shi ne amfani da tubalin da aka yi wa gilashi, wato tayal Qashani, domin ƙawata katangun gine-ginen addini. An lulluɓe katangun kabari mai tsarki na Imam Ali da tayal masu ɗauke da zane-zane masu ban mamaki. Waɗannan tayal sun haɗa siffofin lissafi da na tsirrai iri-iri, kuma suna ɗauke da rubuce-rubucen ayoyin Al-Qur’ani mai girma, hadisai masu daraja da waƙoƙin fitattun mawaƙa.
Ayyukan tayal na farfajiyar mai daraja ta Atabutul Alawiyya suna da matuƙar muhimmanci ta fuskar tarihi da fasaha, saboda tsufansu, bambancin siffofin lissafi, kayan ado, launuka da kuma hanyar ƙerarsu. Abin lura ne cewa yawancin tayal da aka yi amfani da su a zamanin Safawiyya an maye gurbinsu a zamanai na baya saboda dalilai daban-daban kamar yi wa gine-gine zinariya ko sabuntawa. Saboda haka, katangun kabari mai tsarki da ƙananan zaurukan farfajiya mai tsarki ta Atabutul Alawiyya a halin yanzu galibi suna lulluɓe da tayal na zamanin Qajar.
Gagarumin gyara a Zamanin Nadir Shah da Khatun Gawhar Shad
Saboda lalacewar da tayal ɗin katangun farfajiya mai daraja ta Atabutul Alawiyya da zaurukansa suka samu, Khatun Gawhar Shad, matar Sultan Nadir Shah, ta aiwatar da sabunta waɗannan sassa a shekara ta 1156H, wadda ta yi daidai da 1743M. Bayan kammala aikin yi wa kabari mai tsarki na Imam Ali zinariya, an fara aikin gyaran daga farfajiyar kudu sannan aka kammala shi a farfajiyar arewa.
Daga cikin alamomin wannan sabuntawa akwai waƙoƙin mawaƙi Qawam al-Din Qazwini da aka rubuta a Zauren al-Mizab da Zauren al-Ulama. Kamal al-Din Husseini Gulistana ne ya rubuta waɗannan waƙoƙi, kuma an ambaci sunansa tare da shekarar 1157H a Zauren al-Mizab da 1160H a Zauren al-Ulama. Waɗannan shekarun sun yi daidai da zamanin mulkin Nadir Shah.
Gyaran Tayal na farfajiya Mai Daraja ta Atabutul Alawiyya da Khatun Gawhar Shad Ta Yi
Mirza Muhammad Mahdi Astarabadi ya ruwaito a littafinsa Tarikh Jahan-Gushay-i Nadiri cewa:
“Mai girma Gawhar Shad, mahaifiyar sarakuna biyu, Nasrullah Mirza da Imam Quli Mirza, ta ware rupiya dubu ɗari, kwatankwacin toman dubu biyar, domin sake gina tayal ɗin katangar farfajiya mai daraja ta Atabutul Alawiyya. Haka kuma, ta baiwa Ataba mai tsarki wani fitila mai ɗauke da duwatsu masu daraja da wani abin ƙona turare na zinariya mai ado da daraja. Bayan kammala waɗannan ayyuka, ta tafi Karbala mai tsarki domin a ranar farko ta watan Shawwal ta sami damar kewaya harami mai tsarki, wuri wanda mala’iku ma suke kewaya.”
Sheikh Muhammad Husseini Hirz al-Din ma ya rubuta game da wannan gyara cewa:
“An lulluɓe zauruka da katangun farfajiyar da tayal a zamanin Shah Safi, wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1052H. Amma bayan kusan shekara ɗari ko fiye, yawancin waɗannan tayal sun karye kuma suka faɗi. Bayan Nadir Shah ya kammala aikin yi wa kubba, minarori biyu da babban zauren gabas zinariya, matarsa ta ware kuɗi masu yawa domin sabunta tayal na farfajiyar. An fara wannan aiki a shekara ta 1156H kuma aka kammala shi a shekara ta 1160H.”
Ayyukan Zamanin Zandiyya; Daga Gyaran Kubba Zuwa Sabunta Zauruka
Shekara arba’in bayan haka, Sultan Ali Murad Khan Zand ya tura wakilinsa, Mirza Ahmad al-Nawwab, zuwa Najaf tare da kuɗi masu yawa domin gyara da bunƙasa kabari mai daraja. Haka kuma, ya baiwa Ataba mai tsarki tarin fitilu masu daraja.
Sheikh Ja’afar Mahbuba, yana nakalto daga littafin Ahsan al-Siyar na Mirza Ma’sum Isfahani, ya rubuta cewa: “A shekara ta 1197H, a zamanin mulkin Ali Murad Khan Zand, ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Zandiyya, ya aiwatar da ayyuka da dama a farfajiya mai daraja ta Atabutul Alawiyya. Daga cikinsu akwai gyaran babban kubba, tsara farfajiya da sassan da suke da alaƙa da shi, gyaran Saqqakhana dake farfajiyar mai daraja, da tsaftace rijiyoyin ruwa na Najaf mai daraja. Haka kuma, ya baiwa harami mai daraja fitilu da aka ƙawata da duwatsu da kayan ado masu tsada.”
Daga cikin ayyukan da aka aiwatar a wannan zamani akwai sabunta tayal da kafa wasu rubuce-rubucen ayoyin Al-Qur’ani da waƙoƙin mawaƙa a babban zauren kudu da kuma zauren cikin Bab al-Sa’a. An aiwatar da wannan aiki ƙarƙashin kulawar Mirza Ahmad al-Nawwab da gudanarwar mai gini Muhammad Rabi’. An fara aikin a shekara ta 1197H, wadda ta yi daidai da 1782M, kuma aka kammala shi a shekara ta 1198H, wadda ta yi daidai da 1783M.
A halin yanzu, ana iya ganin wani zanen ayoyin Al-Qur’ani a kewayen zauren cikin Bab al-Sa’a. A ƙarshensa an rubuta sunan mai rubutu Muhammad Rida da shekarar aiwatar da aikin, wato 1198H.
Sheikh Mahbuba ya kuma ruwaito cewa an rubuta a kan tayal na babban zauren kudu, wanda a yau ake kira Zauren Habubi, cewa: “An gina wannan gini bisa umarnin sarki mai daraja, ƙarƙashin kulawar ɗaya daga cikin bayin wannan babban mutum, Ahmad, a shekara ta 1198H.”
Gyaran Tayal na farfajiya Mai Daraja ta Atabutul Alawiyya a Zamanin Daular Usmaniyya
A zamanin Daular Usmaniyya, musamman a watan Jumada as-Sani na shekara ta 1318H, wadda ta yi daidai da 1900M, wasu tayal Qashani suka faɗo daga katangu suka bugi maziyarta. Wannan lamari ya yi sanadiyyar rasuwar namiji guda da mace guda, sannan wata mace ta samu karayar ƙafa. Bayan wannan lamari, Sultan Abdul Hamid na Biyu ya bada umarnin gyara tayal na Farfajiyar, kuma a watan Sha’aban na wannan shekarar aka fara cire tsoffin tayal da sake sabunta su. Sheikh Mahbuba ya rubuta game da haka cewa:
“A zamanin mulkin Sultan Abdul Hamid Khan na Biyu, wasu tayal na zauruka sun faɗo kan maziyarta, kuma wasu daga cikinsu suka rasu. Wannan lamari ya sa gwamnati ta bada umarnin cire tayal da sake sabunta su. Aikin gyaran ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru huɗu, kuma an aiwatar da shi da ƙoƙarin Sayyid Jawad Rafi’i, marigayi ma’ajiyi kuma kakan ma’ajiyin yanzu, ƙarƙashin kulawar mashahurin mai gini, Ustaz Abu Jawhar. An cire dukkan tayal, an adana waɗanda suke lafiya, sannan aka maye gurbin waɗanda suka lalace da makamantansu. An fara wannan aiki a shekara ta 1323H.”
Shekarun da aka rubuta a kan tayal a farfajiya mai daraja ta Atabutul Alawiyya suna nuna cewa an fara aikin kafa da tabbatar da farantin tayal daga shekara ta 1323H, wadda ta yi daidai da 1905M. A wannan zamani, an rubuta baitoci biyar na waƙar Allama Sheikh Murtada bin Abbas Kashif al-Ghiɗa a kan ginshiƙin dama na zauren sama da ke kusa da Bab al-Sa’a daga ɓangaren dama. An kammala wannan rubutu da sunan mai rubutu Abdul Ali Ashraf al-Kuttab Yazdi da shekarar Hijira ta wannan shekara.
Yanayin Tayal na farfajiya da Haramin Atabutul Alawiyya a Zamanin Sultan Abdul Hamid na Biyu
An rubuta kammala sabunta tayal na katangun harami mai tsarki na Imam Ali a shekara ta 1326H, wadda ta yi daidai da 1908M. A wannan zamani, an kafa Tughra, wato hatimin sarauta na Sultan Abdul Hamid na Daular Usmaniyya, akai-akai kuma cikin daidaito a sassan sama na bangarorin da suke kusa da kowace minara ta arewa da kudu. A kan wannan Tughra an rubuta: «عبدالحمید خان بن عبدالمجید المظفّر دائماً»
A hannun dama na Tughra an ƙara lakabin “Ghazi”, sannan a ƙarƙashinsa aka rubuta shekarar 1326H. An kammala wannan aiki a shekara ta 1327H, wadda ta yi daidai da 1909M, inda aka kuma sake gina fuskar wajen Zauren Bab al-Sa’a da tayal. Mawaƙi Sayyid Baqir Hindi ya rubuta tarihin wannan lamari cikin baitoci uku. Abin lura ne cewa sashe na tarihin kawai, wato rabin na biyu na baitin ƙarshe, aka rubuta da tayal a fuskar wajen Bab al-Sa’a, sannan aka rubuta shekarar 1327H a ƙarƙashinsa.
Muhimmin abin lura a wannan lamari shi ne cewa kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen bunƙasa da sabunta harami mai tsarki bisa umarnin wannan Sultan sun fito ne daga kuɗaɗen da ake samu daga binne mamata a kabari mai tsarki na Imam Ali. Haka aka yi a Karbala ma. Sheikh Muhammad al-Kufi ya ce game da haka: “An ware kuɗaɗen da ake samu daga binne mamata a haramomin Najaf da haramin Imam Husseini (Amincin Allah ya tabbata a gare shi) da wuraren dake kewaye da su domin bunƙasa da gyaran waɗannan wurare biyu masu daraja. Wakilansa, bisa umarni, duk wani ƙarami ko babban sashe da suka sabunta suna sanya masa Tughra da shekarar mulkin Abdul Hamid.”
Sabunta farfajiya Mai Daraja ta Atabutul Alawiyya da Zaurukansa da Tayal
Sheikh Muhammad Husseini Hirz al-Din ya rubuta cewa: “Kusan shekara ta 1382H, an lulluɓe hanyoyin rufi da tayal Qashani, yayin da rufin wasu zaurukan kudu na waɗannan hanyoyi ya kasance babu tayal har zuwa shekara ta 1397H.”
A shekara ta 1426H, wadda ta yi daidai da 2005M, jagorancin Atabutul Alawiyya ya fara aikin sabunta ƙofofin arewa da kudu, da kuma tsoffin labulen Zauren Zinariya. Wannan aikin ya haɗa da maye gurbin tsoffin tayal na katangu daga ciki da waje da tayal mosaic waɗanda suka ƙunshi sunayen Allah Maɗaukakin Sarki, wasu kalaman Amirul Mu’uminin Imam Ali (Amincin Allah ya tabbata a gare shi) da lakabansa. An kammala wannan aiki a shekara ta 1429H, wadda ta yi daidai da 2008M.
Madogara
An ciro daga littafin «Tarikh al-Marqad al-Alawi al-Mutahhar».
A sashen da ya gabata, an gabatar da Sabbin Ƙofofin Shiga Sahni Mai Tsarki na Atabutul Alawiyya.
